::
chiedo perdono:
preambolo
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sezione di testo:
\begin{multicols}{2}
\foreignlanguage{arabic}{
ما الشهر: الشهر امّا طبيعي وامّا اصطلاحي فامّا الطبيعي فهو عود القمر مِن الشمس الى بُعدِه الاوّل عنها في جهةٍ واحدة مِن جهة المشرق والمغربِ ولكن اشكال النُور في جِرمِ القمر تكون مناسبة لابعاده (فالشهور أذن عود شكل القمر في جهةٍ بعينها) عن الشمس وقد جرت العادة منها بالهلالِ لانّهُ كالمبدأ للاشكال ومنهُ إلى مثلهِ تسعة وعشرون يوما ونصف يوم وزيادة عليه يسييرة ولكن لما لمْ يكنْ استعمال نصف اليوم (في شهر) عدوا جُملة الشهرين تسعة وخمسين يوما احدُهما تام ثلثون يوما والاخر تسعة وعشرون يوما وذلك بحسبِ مسيرالنيرين (من) الاوسط.
فامّا بالمَسير المُقوّم فانُّه يتفق اذا استعمل الشهر برؤية الهلال عيانا الى ان يتوالي شهران وثلاثةٌ تامةٌ ويتوالي كذلك ناقِصه.
فامّا الشهر الاصطلاحي فهو الجزؤ مِن اثنى عشر مِن السنة الطبيعية او مما قاربها
}
What is the month? The month is either natural or conventional. As for what concerns the natural one, it is the travel of the moon from the sun to the same distance the moon had in the first beginning, in a certain directional position between East and West, but the illuminated shapes on the moon’s celestial body were proportional to its distances from the sun and it was common of these shapes to use the New Moon because it is like the starting point of the shapes, and its return to the same shape is after 29 days and a half and a small addition, but since the application of half a day in a month is not possible, they considered the 2 months of 59 days altogether, the first of them consisting of 30 days and the other less: 29 days and this in accordance with the mean motion of the two luminaries\footnote{See Glossary, p. 94.}.
As for what concerns the corrected rate of motion\footnote{Al-Bīrūnī 1934: see the translation of single terms from Ramsey Wright: taqwīm is stellar calculation, muqawwama corrected p. 90, and masīr rate of the progress of the planet-motion p. 94. He is referring to the corrected (i.e. mean) motions, and not to the apparent motion, of both the luminaries in the context of a lunar year. See also Sachau 1879, p. 77 and Bausani 1974, p. 61-62.} it occurs when the determination of the month passes through the eye-witnessing vision of the new moon if there is a succession of two and three complete months and it retrogrades, as well as it is incomplete\footnote{Here the Author discusses the lunar phenomena about the lunation, referring to the occurrence of two lunations in one solar month, phenomenon that happens once every three years, so that probably here we are in front of an interpolation. See Bausani 1974, p. 62.}.
As for what concerns the conventional month, it is the twelfth part of the natural year or of what is near to it.
\end{multicols}
così mi porto avanti per una seconda domanda …..
grazie
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